5Derinkuyu, Turkey

Derinkuyu, one of the world’s largest and deepest underground cities, lies beneath the plains of Cappadocia in central Turkey. This multi-level city, estimated to be over 3,000 years old, extends 280 feet (about 85 meters) underground and is believed to have housed up to 20,000 people along with livestock and supplies. The intricate design of Derinkuyu includes more than 18 levels connected by narrow staircases and ventilation shafts.
Each level of Derinkuyu served specific functions, with spaces for communal kitchens, wine and oil presses, schools, living quarters, stables, and even chapels. This underground labyrinth was used as a refuge, where entire communities could live undetected during times of conflict. Its design also included a sophisticated ventilation system to maintain airflow, even deep underground. Archaeologists believe Derinkuyu may have been connected to other subterranean cities in the region through miles of tunnels, creating an entire underground network in Cappadocia.

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